Passage 2：
Carl Sagan
“No one has ever succeeded in conveying the wonder.. and joy of science as widely ..and few as well.” that praise was given on Carl Sagan when he was honored with (荣获)the public Welfare Medal， the highest award given by the National Academy of Science. On 20 December 1996, Carl Sagan died at age of 62 of pneumonia（肺炎）. In my experience, he was much more than a prominent populariser. He was a brilliant scientist with solid achievements.
I first met Sagan at a meeting of the AAAS –the American Association for the Advancement of science – where he took part in a session on the Viking Mars Project. when Viking landed on Mars in 1976, it was at a site he had helped select. Then I interviewed him in Washington, D.C., after Mariner had sent spectacular pictures of the Martian surface. Sagan had acted as a head of one of Mariner’s imaging teams. The interview, “Close-up photos Reveal a Turbulent Mars,” appeared in Popular Science in September 1972.
I had originally headlined the story “The red planet isn’t dead,” but Sagan asked me to change it. “I’m in enough hot water with some of my colleagues as it is, ” he said, referring to the anger felt by some scientists over his growing fame as a populariser. That fame reached a zenith（顶点） during his 1980 13-part television series “Cosmos,” with an audience of 400 million people in 60 countries. Along the way, he captured Pulitzer Prize for his book The Dragons of Eden.
He was noted for the vigor of his logic style, especially when criticizing some piece of pseudoscience. I remembered at 1973 AAAS meeting at which he destroyed the theories of Immanual Velikovsky, who was maintaining that only a few thousands of years ago, Venus had repeatedly collided with Earth and Mars; events well noted, Velikosky said, in the bible.
Sagan was often heard observing that drawings of flying saucers（碟子）never included a door. “How did those creatures of outer space get in and out?” he once asked. Once he said that pserdo-science （包含E中的核心词汇）is embraced（包括） in exact proportion as real science in misunderstood.
1. Paragraph 1 ___
2. Paragraph 2 ___
3. Paragraph 3 ___
4. Paragraph 5 ___
A. Sagan as a Science Populariser（科学普及作家）
B. Honor Sagan enjoyed
C. Sagan’s publications
D. Description of the First meeting with Sagan
E. Sagan’s criticism on pseudo-science（伪科学）
F. Sagan in trouble with other scientists
1. In Sagan’s opinion, Velikovsy might be ___________.
2. With Cosmos and others, Sagan enjoyed his fame as _______.
3. From the passage, we may conclude that the author of the passage may be ____.
4. From the description we know that Sagan was _______.
A. a member of the National Academy of Science
B. a pseudo-scientist
C. a science populariser
D. a reporter
E. an astronomer
F a physicist
答案及解析：
1． 文章标题分析：Carl Sagan
借助文章开头句子进一步了解文章文章标题/文章中心：
“No one has ever succeeded in conveying the wonder.. and joy of science as widely ..and few as well.” that praise was given on Carl Sagan when he was honored with the public Welfare Medal， the highest award given by the National Academy of Science.
be honored with: v. 被授予...
2． 小标题备选项分析—注意备选项的核心词以及备选项之间在语意上的关系：
A Sagan as a Science Populariser（科学普及作家）
B Honor Sagan enjoyed
C Sagan’s publications
D Description of the First meeting with Sagan
E Sagan’s criticism on pseudo-science
F Sagan in trouble with other scientists
词汇：
be in trouble(s) with 和…闹纠纷
in trouble 为难，处于麻烦中
3． 直接看指定段落，观察段落中的特征词（重复出现的词汇），注意参看段首句和段尾句中的句意和用词特点。
A． Sagan as a Science Populariser（科学普及作家）
B． Honor Sagan enjoyed
C． Sagan’s publications
D． Description of the First meeting with Sagan
E． Sagan’s criticism on pseudo-science
F． Sagan in trouble with other scientists
1 Paragraph 1__________.
“No one has ever succeeded in conveying the wonder.. and joy of science as widely ..and few as well.”（对Carl Sagan的赞誉）that praise was given on Carl Sagan when he was honored with (荣获)the public Welfare Medal， the highest award given by the National Academy of Science. On 20 December 1996, Carl Sagan died at age of 62 of pneumonia（肺炎）. In my experience, he was much 远远超出了more than a prominent populariser. He was a brilliant scientist with solid achievements. （对Carl Sagan的赞誉）
1. B．分析：段尾句是在对Carl Saga进行赞誉， 而该段中也出现了与“荣誉”相关的单词和结构，如：that praise was given on Carl Sagan， 因此判断答案为B（Honor Sagan enjoyed ）。
词汇：
prominent adj.卓越的, 显著的, 突出的
synonyms: distinguished, famous, great, outstanding, well-known
brilliant adj 光辉的；灿烂的；卓越的；有才能的
e.g. a brilliant color 鲜明的颜色
e.g. a brilliant artist 一位有才华的艺术家
synonyms: bright, clear, intelligent, smart
solid： adj. 固体的, 结实的，坚强的, 极好的
A． Sagan as a Science Populariser（科学普及作家）
C． Sagan’s publications
D． Description of the First meeting with Sagan
E． Sagan’s criticism on pseudo-science
F． Sagan in trouble with other scientists
2 Paragraph 2__________.
I first met Sagan at a meeting （与D中的核心结构First meeting with Sagan呼应）of the AAAS –the American Association for the Advancement of science – where he took part in a session on the Viking Mars Project. When Viking landed on Mars in 1976, it was at a site he had helped select. Then I interviewed him in Washington, D.C., after Mariner had sent spectacular pictures of the Martian surface. Sagan had acted as a head of one of Mariner’s imaging teams. The interview, “Close-up（特写的） photos reveal a Turbulent （骚动的） Mars,” appeared in Popular Science in September 1972.
2. D．分析：在段落中interview（与D中的核心结构meeting with Sagan呼应）两次出现， 段首句的句意与D的核心结构（First meeting with Sagan）一致， 因此推测D是答案。实际上这三处与D呼应的结构构成了该段内容的基本框架。
A Sagan as a Science Populariser（科学普及作家）
C Sagan’s publications
E Sagan’s criticism on pseudo-science
F Sagan in trouble with other scientists
3 Paragraph 3__________.
I had originally headlined the story “The red planet isn’t dead,” but Sagan asked me to change it. “I’m in enough hot water with some of my colleagues as it is（该句子结构与F呼应）, ” he said, referring to the anger felt by some scientists over his growing fame as a populariser. That fame reached a zenith（顶点） during his 1980 13-part television series “Cosmos,” with an audience of 400 million people in 60 countries. Along the way, he captured Pulitzer Prize for his book The Dragons of Eden.
3. F 分析：在段落中发现了A中的核心词(Science Populariser)，但实际上包含该核心词的句意与选项F（Sagan与其他科学家之间的纷争）呼应， 因此F是答案。
词汇：
A Sagan as a Science Populariser（科学普及作家）
C Sagan’s publications
E Sagan’s criticism on pseudo-science（伪科学）
4 Paragraph 5__________.
Sagan was often heard observing that drawings of flying saucers（碟子）never included a door. “How did those creatures of outer space get in and out?” he once asked. Once he said that pserdo-science （包含E中的核心词汇）is embraced（包括） in exact proportion as…(一样…) real science is misunderstood.
4. E 分析：只有备选项E中核心词在段落中有呼应的内容，因此判断答案为E。
词汇：
Embrace vt 拥抱，包括，包含
e.g.The child embraced his parents. 这孩子拥抱了他的父母。
e.g.This book embraces many subjects. 此书包括许多问题。
Exact: adj. 精确的, 准确的, 原样的
Synonyms: accurate, correct, precise
A. a member of the National Academy of Science
B. a pseudo- scientist
C. a science populariser
D. a reporter
E. an astronomer
F a physicist
5 In Sagan’s opinion, Velikovsy might be ___________.
5． B.分析：利用题干中的特征词作为答案线索，这样发现答案相关句：确认答案。
He was noted for the vigor（活力） of his logic 逻辑思路style, especially when criticizing some pieces of pseudo-science. 举例I remembered a 1973 AAAS meeting at which he destroyed the theories of Immanual Velikovsy, who was maintaining that only ..该句说“Sagan（一位科学家）摧毁了Velikovsy的理论”， 因此判断Velikovsy应该是伪科学的理论， 所以B是答案。
A. a member of the National Academy of Science
C. a science populariser
D. a reporter
E. an astronomer
F a physicist
6 With Cosmos and others, Sagan enjoyed his fame as ______.
6. C 分析：根据句意和在解答前面问题时对文章的了解判断C是答案。也可借助cosmos作为答案线索这样发现答案相关句：
I had originally headlined the story “The red planet isn’t dead,” but Sagan asked me to change it. “I’m in enough hot water with some of my colleagues as it is（该句子结构与F呼应）, ” he said, referring to the anger felt by some scientists over his growing fame as a populariser. That fame reached a zenith（顶点） during his 1980 13-part television series “Cosmos” with an audience of 400 million people in 60 countries.
该题考察代词结构That fame的指代内容（指代前句中的populariser）。
A. a member of the National Academy of Science
D. a reporter
E. an astronomer
F a physicist
7 From the passage, we may conclude that the author of the passage may be _______.
7. D 分析：从文章第2段中我们已经看到有关“作者对Sagan 进行采访的内容”， 因此判断D（记者）是答案。
A. a member of the National Academy of Science
E. an astronomer
F a physicist
8． From the description we know that Sagan was ______________.
8． E． 分析：根据文章中相关内容（他编写Cosmos这部电视句， 参与选择海盗号探索火星的着陆点）判断E（天文学家）是答案。
When Viking landed on Mars in 1976, it was at a site he（指Sagan） had helped select.
Passage 3
More Than 8 Hours Sleep Too Much of a Good Thing
Although the dangers of too little sleep are widely known，new research suggests that people who sleep too much may also suffer the consequences．
Investigators at the University of California in San Diego found that people who clock up 9 or 10 hours each weeknight appear to have more trouble falling and staying asleep，as well as a number of other sleep problems，than people who sleep 8 hours a night．People who slept only 7 hours each night also said they had more trouble falling asleep and feeling refreshed after a night’s sleep than 8-hour sleepers．
These findings, which DL Daniel Kripke reported in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine, demonstrate that people who want to get a good night’s rest may not need to set aside。more than 8 hours a night．He added that“it might be a good idea'’for people who sleep more than 8 hours each night to consider reducing the amount of time they spend in bed, but cautioned that more research is needed to confirm this．
Previous studies have shown the potential dangers of chronic shortages of sleep一for instance, one report demonstrated that people who habitually sleep less than 7 hours each night have a higher risk of dying within a fixed period than people who sleep more．
For the current report，Kripke reviewed the responses of 1，004 adults to sleep questionnaires，in which participants indicated how much they slept during the Week and whether they experienced any sleep problems．Sleep problems included waking in the middle of the night，arising early in the morning and being unable to fall back to sleep，and having fatigue interfere with day-to-day functioning．
KriDke found that people who slept between 9 and 10 hours each night were more likely to report experiencing each sleep problem than people who slept 8 hours．In an interview, Kripke noted that long sleepers may struggle to get rest at night simply because they spend too much time in bed．As evidence，he added that one way to help insomnia is to spend less time in bed．“It stands to reason that if a person spends too long a time in bed, then they’ll spend a higher percentage of time awake．”he said．
1. Paragraph 2 ___.
2. Paragraph 4___.
3. Paragraph 5___.
4. Paragraph 6___.
A. Keprike’s research tool
B. Dangers of Habitual shortages of sleep
C. Criticism on Kripke’s report
D. A way of overcoming insomnia
E. Sleep problems of long and short sleepers
F. Classification of sleep problems
5．To get a good night’s rest，people may not need to ___.
6．Long sleepers are reported to be more likely to___.
7． One of the sleep problems is waking in the middle of the night，unable to___.
8. One survey showed that people who habitually ___each night have a higher risk of dying．
A fall asleep again ．
B become more energetic the following day
C sleep less than 7 hours
D confirm those serious consequences
E suffer sleep problems
F sleep more than 8 hours
答案及解析：
文章标题分析：More Than 8 Hours Sleep Too Much of a Good Thing
Although （尽管）the dangers （危险）of too little sleep are widely （广泛的）known，new research （研究）suggests （表明）that people who sleep too much may also suffer （遭受到...）the consequences(不良后果)．
点明文章标题的含义是“睡眠多于8小时适得其反”
被选项分析：
A. Keprike’s research tool(工具)
B. Dangers of Habitual(习惯的) shortages (缺少)of sleep
C. Criticism(批评) on Kripke’s report
D. A way of overcoming insomnia （失眠）
E. Sleep problems of long and short sleepers
F. Classification(分类) of sleep problems
分析：发现被选项中A和C有关系: 都涉及到Kripke；E和F有关系: 都提到了“睡眠问题”
直接解题：
A. Keprike’s research tool(工具)
B. Dangers of Habitual(习惯的) shortages (缺少)of sleep
C. Criticism(批评) on Kripke’s report
D. A way of overcoming insomnia （失眠）
E. Sleep problems of long and short sleepers
F. Classification(分类) of sleep problems
1. Paragraph 2 ___.
Investigators（研究者） at the University of California in San Diego found（发现） that people who clock up（记录）有9-10小时的 9 or 10 hours each weeknight（每天晚上） appear to （好象）have more trouble falling and staying asleep（have trouble/difficulty doing sth：很难...），as well as a number of other sleep problems，than people who sleep 8 hours a night．People who slept only 7 hours each night also said they had more trouble falling asleep and feeling refreshed (精力恢复了的)after a night’s sleep than 8-hour sleepers．
1． E 分析: 段落中有多处结构的语意与“睡眠问题有关”（have more trouble falling and staying asleep； a number of other sleep problems， had more trouble falling asleep and feeling refreshed）， 因此判断答案应该出自E和F， 段落开头句主要讨论people who clock up 9 or 10 hours each weeknight（（每晚睡9-10个小时）--睡眠时间长的人）的情况， 段落最后一句提到People who slept only 7 hours each night（（每晚只睡7个小时）--睡眠时间短的人）， 因此判断E是答案。
A. Keprike’s research tool(工具)
B. Dangers of Habitual(习惯的) shortages (缺少)of sleep
C. Criticism(批评) on Kripke’s report
D. A way of overcoming insomnia （失眠）
F. Classification(分类) of sleep problems
2. Paragraph 4___.
Previous studies have shown the potential（潜在的） dangers of chronic（长期的） shortages of sleep一for instance, one report demonstrated（证明） that people who habitually sleep less than 7 hours each night have a higher risk of dying（死亡） within a fixed（特定的） period than people who sleep more．
2． B 分析：段落开头就提到了“睡眠不足的危险”， 然后紧接着进行举例说明（for instance..）， 这个结构特点表明：“睡眠不足的危险”是该段落的主题， 因此B是答案。
A. Keprike’s research tool(工具)
C. Criticism(批评) on Kripke’s report
D. A way of overcoming insomnia （失眠）
F. Classification(分类) of sleep problems
3. Paragraph 5___.
For the current（现在的） report，Kripke reviewed（查阅） the responses（反应） of 1，004 adults to sleep questionnaires（调查问卷），in which participants indicated how much they slept during the Week and whether they experienced any sleep problems．Sleep problems included waking in the middle of the night，arising（起床） early in the morning and being unable to fall back to sleep（再次入睡），and having fatigue interfere with day-to-day functioning．
3． A． 分析：对于该段落答案的选择具有一定的迷惑性，A和F容易相互成为干扰项，但由于段落中提到的“睡眠问题”是属于问卷上要回答的内容，是和Keprike的直接研究有关，所以判断“Keprike的研究”是段落的主题， 因此A是答案。
C. Criticism(批评) on Kripke’s report
D. A way of overcoming insomnia （失眠）
F. Classification(分类) of sleep problems
4. Paragraph 6___.
Kripke found （发现）that people who slept between 9 and 10 hours each night were more likely to （更可能...）report experiencing(经历) each sleep problem than people who slept 8 hours．In an interview, Kripke noted （特别提到）that long sleepers may struggle to get rest at night simply because they spend too much time in bed．As evidence，he added （补充说）that one way to help insomnia is to spend less time in bed．“It stands to reason that if a person spends too long a time in bed, then they’ll spend a higher percentage of time awake．”he said．
4． D： 段落中出现的“Kripke found， Kripke noted和he added”表明“Kripke的观点和态度应该是该段的中心”，对比被选项排除C（段落中没有出现批评的话语）和F（段落中没有具体提到睡眠问题的表现形式），而段落最后第2句提到了克服失眠的方法—少花时间在床上，与D呼应。
完成句子题解析：
A fall asleep again
B become more energetic (精力旺盛的)the following day
C sleep less than 7 hours
D confirm((进一步)证实[确定]) those serious (严重的)consequences
E suffer sleep problems
F sleep more than 8 hours
5．To get a good night’s rest，people may not need to ___.
5. F．分析：根据搭配结构need to do sth.判断所有选项都在语法上合适。借助搭配句意：“为了获得晚上好的休息，人们没有必要。。”判断F（睡眠超过8小时）。
A fall asleep again
B become more energetic the following day
C sleep less than 7 hours
D confirm those serious consequences
E suffer sleep problems
6．Long sleepers are reported to be more likely to___.
6. E．分析：借助搭配句意：“睡眠时间长的人根据报道更有可能..”，并结合文章主题—睡眠时间长不是好事情，判断E合适。也可借助文章中的相关内容（利用题干中的细节信息结构Long sleepers作为答案线索）：KriDke found that people who slept between 9 and 10 hours each night (与Long sleepers呼应)were more likely to report experiencing each sleep problem than people who slept 8 hours．
A fall asleep again
B become more energetic the following day
C sleep less than 7 hours
D confirm those serious consequences
7. One of the sleep problems is waking in the middle of the night，unable(无力的, 不能的) to___.
7. A． 分析：借助搭配句意：“其中的一个睡眠问题是在午夜醒来，不能。。”，直接判断A（再次入睡）合适。
B become more energetic the following day
C sleep less than 7 hours
D confirm those serious consequences
8. One survey showed that people who habitually (习惯)___each night have a higher risk of dying．
8. C．分析：借助搭配句意：“一项调查显示那些习惯性每晚...的人有更高的死亡风险。” ,判断C(睡眠不足7个小时)是答案.
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